Exercise

Exercise 1

1.      He tried to avoid answering my question.

2.      Could you please stop making so much noise?

3.      I enjoy listening to music.

4.      I considered being for the job but in the end I decided againts it.

5.      Have you finished washing your hair yet?

6.      If you walk into the road without looking, you risk seeing knocked down.

7.      Jim is 65 but he isn’t going to retire yet. He wants to carry on working

8.      I don’t mind you using the phone as long as you pay for all your calls.

9.      Hello! Fancy being you here! What a surprise!

10.  I’ve put off writting the letter so many times. I really do it today.

11.  What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody, being so stupid?

12.  Sarah gave up being trying to find a job im this country and decided to go abroad.

Exercise 2

1.      I can do what I want and you can’t stop me.

You can’t stop me doing what I want.

2.      It’s not good idea to travel during the rush hour.

It’s better to avoid traveling during the rush hour.

3.      Shall we go tommorow instead of today?

Shall we postpone go today, but tommorow.

4.      Could you turn the radio down, please?

Would you mind to turn the radio down?

5.      Please don’t interrupt me all the time.

Would you mind to don’t interrupt me all the time.

Exercise 3

1.      Don’t forget to post the letter I gave you.

2.      There was a lot of traffic but we managed to arrive to the airport in time.

3.      Jill has decided not to buy a car.

4.      We’ve got a new computer in our office. I haven’t learnt to use it yet.

5.      I wonder where Sue is. She promise not to be late.

6.      We were all to afraid to speak. Nobody dared to tell anything.

Exercise 4

1.      When i’m tired, I enjoy watching television. It’s relaxing.

2.      It was a nice day, so we decided to go for a walk.

3.      It’s a nice day. Does anyone fancy going for a walk?

4.      I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind to wait.

5.      They don’t have much money. They can’t afford going out very often.

6.      I wish that dog would stop barking. It’s driving me mad.

7.      Our neighbour thereatened calling the police if we didn’t stop the noise.

8.      We were hungry, so I suggested having dinner early.

9.      Hurry up! I don’t want to risk missing the train.

10.  I’m still looking for a job but I hope to find something soon.

Gerund & Infinitive

Gerund (verb + ing) dan Infinitive (to + verb) sama-sama merupakan kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, dan noun complement didalam suatu kalimat.

atau

Gerund adalah “verb” dalam bentuk “present participle” seperti “swimming”, walking, listening, etc” Pada kalimat  “I like swimming” “swimming” adalah “gerund”. Sama sekali tidak berkaitan dgn sedang berenang.

Infinitive adalah “verb” dlm bentuk dasar digabung dgn “to”  Pada kalimat “I forgot to buy milk,” “to buy” adalah infinitive.

Penggunaan
 

1. Subjek

    Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek pada sebuah kalimat.

    Contoh :

    - Dancing is my hobby.

      (Menari adalah hobi saya.)

    - Playing football is my favorite sport.

      (Bermain sepak bola adalah olahraga favorit saya.)

2. Objek

    Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai objek dari kata kerja transitif dalam suatu kalimat.

    Contoh :

    - I like reading.

      (Saya suka membaca.)

    - They practice speaking English.

      (Mereka mempraktikan berbicara bahas Inggris.)

3. Objek Preposisi

    Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai objek yang hadir setelah preposisi.

    Contoh :

    - They are thinking of going home late.

      (Mereka memikirkan pulang termbat ke rumah.)

    - I am tired of waiting.

      (Saya lelah menunggu.)

4. Adjective

   Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective atau kata sifat yang berfungsi menerangkan suatu kata      benda.

   - He doesn't have a driving licence.

     (Dia tidak memiliki surat izin mengemudi.)

   - She needs a walking stick.

     (Dia memerluakan tongkat untuk berjalan.)

5. Larangan pendek

    Gerund dapat digunakan dalam kalimat larangan pendek.

    Contoh :

    - No smoking.

      (Dilarang merokok.)

    - No fishing.

      (Dilarang memancing.

 

Contoh Gerund:

1.      She enjoys talking about Me.

2.      They avoid discussing too much.

Contoh Infinitive:

1.      He helped me to slove the problem.

2.      She asked me to call you.

Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstractthings in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topicwhen you study a foreign language. 

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

·         bottle – bottles

·         cup – cups

·         pencil – pencils

·         desk – desks

·         sticker – stickers

·         window – windows

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

·         box – boxes

·         watch – watches

·         moss – mosses

·         bus – buses

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

·         wolf – wolves

·         wife – wives

·         leaf – leaves

·         life – lives

Some nouns have different plural forms.

·         child – children

·         woman – women

·         man – men

·         mouse – mice

·         goose – geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

·         baby – babies

·         toy – toys

·         kidney – kidneys

·         potato – potatoes

·         memo – memos

·         stereo – stereos

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

·         sheep – sheep

·         deer – deer

·         series – series

·         species – species

Verb Phrases

Verbs are words that demonstrate an action, like sing, dance, smell, talk, and eat. They serve as a link between the subject of the verb and information about that subject. The information is usually descriptive.

In order to show activities that can be done, active verbs are used, while linking verbs describe conditions.

·         She smells the pizza. (active)  The wet dog smells awful. (linking)

·         He appears on screen as an actor. (active)  Tony appears angry. (linking)

Verb phrases take the verb one step further by comprising the verb, plus the complement, object, or adverb. Verb phrases, such as "She was walking quickly to the mall" comprise the verb (walking) and the complement (to the mall).

To learn more about verb phrases see Verb Phrase.

Verb Phrase Examples

A verb phrase can be the predicate of the clause or sentence. A verb phrase can also be a phrase that functions as an adverb or adjective and contains a verb and its complements, objects, or modifiers.

Phrase Is the Predicate of the Sentence

Following are some verb phrase examples where the verb phrase is the predicate of a sentence. In this case, the verb phrase consists of the main verb plus any auxiliary, or helping, verbs.

·         She was walking quickly to the mall.

·         He should wait before going swimming.

·         Those girls are not trying very hard.

·         Ted might eat the cake.

·         You must go right now.

·         You can’t eat that!

·         My mother is fixing us some dinner.

·         Words were spoken.

·         These cards may be worth hundreds of dollars!

·         The teacher is writing a report.

·         You have woken up everyone in the neighborhood.

Phrase Functions as an Adverb or Adjective

Some verb phrases have a single function which means it can act like an adverb or an adjective. The phrase would include the verb and any modifiers, complements, or objects.

·         Texting on his phone, the man swerved into a ditch.

·         As the cat watched, the two puppies fought over a bone.

·         The small dog was reluctant to learn new things.

·         When he arrives, we can try to build a fort.

·         Finally, we can afford to buy a new house.

·         Walking on the ice, she slipped and fell.

·         Open the door to let the fresh air in.

·         To make lemonade, you first need some lemons.

·         It takes two people to tango.

All of these different verb phrases demonstrate how the dependents of the verb provide important useful information for the reader about the action in the sentence. Verb phrases help to make your text more informative and meaningful and they are essential to clear writing.